Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet. Turing was born in Maida Vale, London, while his father, Julius Mathison Turing was on leave from his position with the Indian Civil Service (ICS) of the British Raj government at Chatrapur, then in the Madras Presidency and presently in Odisha state, in India. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.Įarly life and education Family English Heritage plaque in Maida Vale, London marking Turing's birthplace in 1912 He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released on 23 June 2021 to coincide with his birthday. Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations.
The term " Alan Turing law" is now used informally to refer to a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. Queen Elizabeth II granted a posthumous pardon in 2013. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.įollowing a public campaign in 2009, British prime minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the government for "the appalling way was treated". Turing died on 7 June 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. He accepted hormone treatment with DES, a procedure commonly referred to as chemical castration, as an alternative to prison. Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. Despite these accomplishments, Turing was never fully recognised in Britain during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. Īfter the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine, one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bomba method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis.
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During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. He defined a Turing machine and proved that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. īorn in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS ( / ˈ tj ʊər ɪ ŋ/ 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist.
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